Prolonged Delivery of Apomorphine Through the Buccal Mucosa, Towards a Noninvasive Sustained Administration Method in Parkinson's Disease: In Vivo Investigations in Pigs

In the current work, prolonged systemic delivery of apomorphine via buccal mucosa was shown to be a promising treatment for Parkinson's disease as substitute clinically utilized subcutaneous infusions. Due extensive ‘first-pass’ metabolism, is administered parenterally bypass liver metabolism. Drawbacks parenteral administration cause low patient compliance and adherence treatment. On other hand, while also bypassing liver, through has superior safety profile, less costly, lacks pain discomfort, possesses excellent accessibility, overall augmenting compliance. Current in vivo study pigs showed: (1) steady plateau levels plasma were obtained 30 min following remained constant 8 h until device removed, (2) bioavailability 55%–80% opposed <2% peroral (3) simulation pharmacokinetic profile predicted therapeutically relevant human. Furthermore, antipyrine incorporated permeation marker enable mechanistic investigation release from its mucosa. addition, limitations an Ussing diffusion chamber ex research tool discussed.